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Mt. Miðfell at Dyrfjöll in East Iceland Over the years, I had seen many spectacular photos from Stórurð and was always interested in adding it to the long list of places I have visited in Iceland. It also fascinated me as both Stórurð and Dyrfjöll, the surrounding mountains, have a certain otherworldly atmosphere, besides being highly photogenic destinations. The word Stórurð means “a huge pile of rocks”, and the landform does look like its inhabited by trolls. For centuries, folks living in the area have recounted stories of elves and trolls inhabiting the boulders and cliffs of the surrounding mountains. It is a mystical place and one of those in Iceland that can easily be referred to as one of the nine worlds of Yggdrasill from Norse Mythology – Jötunheimar, the giants' home. The best time to hike to Stórurð Stórurð pile of rocks came from the "door" in Dyrfjöll behind Gunna To grab the best photo opportunities and experience, it became apparent early on in my research that the ideal time to visit was actually a narrow window. As the elevation is relatively high, Stórurð is covered with snow in the winter. This melts late, covering the most exciting landforms well into midsummer. Besides, Stórurð is located in the northeast region, almost as far as possible from Reykjavík, which is where I live. It moved along my bucket list for several years as I kept putting it off because of other tasks in those precious months. And also because other interesting places fell off the list as I continued to visit them. When you live in Iceland, the hectic weather plays a significant role in everyday life. It dominates conversation, and if you are planning something outside of the four walls of your home, you need to check the weather. This is even more critical for a trip to Stórurð as the fog is often exceptionally thick and deceiving in the area. A striking comparison is that of Southern California. I lived in San Diego for many years where the climate remains more or less the same all year round. Discussion about the weather was a rarity, and when I tried to start one, people looked at me with a blank and confused expression. In early September, 2020, I noticed that the northeast weather forecast was perfect, both a clear sky and calm wind. I decided right then to drive up the new road to Bakkafjörður village and visit Stórurð. A visit to Stórurð requires a hike The hike from Vatnsskarð mountain pass is about 7 km one way Like many exciting places in Iceland, a visit to Stórurð requires quite a hike. There are three hiking trails that are all between seven to nine kilometers one way. I chose the easternmost track, east of the Vatnsskarð mountain pass. It is a beautiful walk through the Dyrfjalladalur valley. The hike is approximately seven kilometers, amounting to around fifteen kilometers back and forth, including the walk around the big rocks in Stórurð. It is a marked trail with an even increase in elevation all the way to Stórurð, where you descend about one hundred meters down a pretty convenient slope. Then, the walk back to the parking lot at Vatnsskarð is more or less all downhill. The captivating mountain ridge Dyrfjöll Dyrfjöll mountain ridge starting with Mt. Miðfell As I often emphasize on this website, hiking in nature is, in a way, therapeutic. It is the opposite of a busy city filled with big crowds, concrete structures looming large, and the noise of traffic. This is particularly true for Stórurð. From the parking lot, the trek goes through the valley of Dyrfjalladalur. About half an hour into it, the mountains of Ytri Dyrfjall and Miðfell start to grab your attention. And as it often occurs when you are hiking, dormant feelings begin to awaken when you see and sense the beauty that both the landforms of the inner valley and the mountains exude. It is a beautiful hike in which the ever-changing landscape of mountains, vegetation, and small clean creeks embrace you like a kind-hearted giant. It is at this point that you also start your inner journey of relaxation and clearing the mind. A hike or a state of mind Every corner is mind-blowing landscapes As you approach Stórurð, the size and shape of the Dyrfjöll mountains engulfs your imagination. Formed as part of a large caldera around ten to twelve million years ago, the northeast mountains are old and have witnessed their share of changes. Created by disastrous fire and exploding magma, sleeping under the ice for thousands of centuries, scraped by ice, molded by the harsh wind for thousands of years, and dissolved by endless rain and water, they now stand tall as an irresistible landform – sharp peaks that represent the geological beginning of our magnificent island. The astonishing Stórurð pile of rocks Stórurð pile of rocks enhanced with a small lake Almost at the end of the hike, before you descend to the mysterious path that takes you around the enormous rocks, you have a magnificent view of the Urðardalur valley. Stretching from the broken part of the mountains of Dyrfjöll, also called the door, the massive stones are distributed towards the west. You can't help but feel that the rocky slope was formed when part of the mountain crumbled and crawled through the valley. One theory suggests that the rocks were carried by overlaying ice for centuries at the end of the Ice Age and landed comfortably on the even ground. To build up this already grand view, small, turquoise blue ponds are scattered between the rocks. Although I have visited many beautiful places in Iceland, Stórurð and Dyrfjöll are among the most interesting and promise a mind-blowing experience. Every step you take reviles now beautiful landscapes When you walk around the rocks, you simply can't brush off the feeling that you are surrounded by otherworldly beings—gentle trolls and friendly elves that make their homes in the harsh but wonderful region. While walking the path, it is easy to be convinced that all the folklore spanning centuries is not simply a coincidence and that it has roots in communication with local people and sights. If you're planning to tour Iceland in a rental car, make sure to read this article about the type of car that would be best for your trip. Location of Stórurð on the map of Iceland

Why visit Landmannalaugar in Iceland? 1. Landmannalaugar is the most exciting place in the Highland in Iceland 2. Visiting Landmannalaugar is a unique driving adventure 3. Landmannalaugar is a small but stunning part of the mysterious Torfajökull caldera 4. The rhyolite mountains are colorful like no other mountains on the planet 5. You will find obsidian if you need to protect yourself from the White Walkers 6. Landmannalaugar has the best natural geothermal pool in Iceland 7. Hike up to Mt. Brennisteinsalda, and you will walk through a geothermal wonderland 8. Landmannalaugar has more stunning hiking trails than any other part of Iceland 9. Landmannalaugar has a good but harsh camping ground 10. You can visit Landmannalaugar from Reykjavík on a day tour Landmannalaugar view to Torfajökull caldera Landmannalaugar is genuinely one of the most remarkable and captivating spots in the Icelandic Highland! It's a place that instantly captures the hearts of all who visit this extraordinary masterpiece crafted by Mother Nature. Landmannalaugar ranks among the top five most fascinating natural wonders in Iceland and is arguably one of the most breathtaking destinations on the planet. Nestled 600 meters above sea level, this unique haven is famed for its soothing geothermal pool and bath and being the starting point for the legendary 54km, four-day Laugavegur hiking trail. But there's so much more to discover! It serves as the gateway to the enchanting caldera of Torfajökull, brimming with natural marvels, vibrant mountains, and a myriad of hiking trails. While staying at Landmannalaugar, you can embark on various exhilarating and awe-inspiring hikes, each offering stunning scenery and landscapes. Landmannalaugar, with its colorful mountains, is one of the most interesting places you can visit in Iceland Landmannalaugar is a unique place for adventures people Landmannalaugar is a photographer's dream come true! This magical place boasts an endless array of geological wonders, from smoking hot springs and lava fields to rivers, creeks, gullies, ravines, canyons, volcanoes, and stunning rhyolite mountains that transform their colors with every shift of the sun and clouds. However, this enchanting destination is a hidden gem only accessible from early July (sometimes even mid-June) to the end of September. Outside this window, its vibrant beauty remains concealed, as the area is often blanketed in snow or besieged by fierce blizzards and cold during the winter months. So, unless you're up for an epic 4x4 winter adventure, it's best to plan your visit between these months to fully experience its breathtaking splendor! A product of a unique volcanic system and geothermal activity Landmannalaugar caping site and service centre Landmannalaugar is part of the distinctive Torfajökull glacier volcanic system. Located just a short distance south of Landmannalaugar is the northern rim of its ancient and vast caldera. A portion of the renowned Laugavegur hiking trail traverses this historic caldera, which measures 12 km by 16 km in diameter. The Torfajökull caldera experienced a collapse hundreds of thousands of years ago after its magma chamber was emptied. Notably, the magma within the Torfajökull caldera is significantly more acidic than typical magma, and the region has witnessed thousands of eruptions over millions of years of the island's geological history. This magma results in the formation of rhyolite lava, as opposed to the more common basalt lava. Since the caldera's collapse, geothermal activity, hot springs, erosion, ice, and various other geological phenomena have transformed the entire region into a remarkable and unique natural wonder. Today, the landscape within the caldera, along with nearby mountains such as Landmannalaugar, is considered one of the most breathtaking and awe-inspiring sights on Earth. Service Center and facilities in Landmannalaugar are a bit primitive as it should be Suðurnámur is one of many hiking trails in Landmannalaugar Recently, Landmannalaugar has emerged as a primary base camp for individuals embarking on the hiking trail from Landmannalaugar to Þórsmörk. It is also a favored destination among tourists who visit for a few days to explore the shorter trails and appreciate this gem in the highlands. The Icelandic Touring Association, known as FÍ (Ferðafélag Íslands in Icelandic), operates a service center in Landmannalaugar. This center features a hut, constructed in 1969, that accommodates 80 people, along with a camping ground, restrooms, showers, and washing facilities. The service center provides both hot and cold water, making it an ideal location to change clothes if you plan to enjoy the geothermal pool. Some visitors choose to change into swimwear outdoors by the pool in the traditional manner. However, it's important to note that there is no electricity available to charge phones or use electronic devices such as shavers or hairdryers. Additionally, there is only a tent available for dining and minor cooking activities. The service fee is a reasonable 500 Icelandic Kronur per day. The camping site and space for 4X4 campers The food court tent in Landmannalaugar by the colorful mountains The camping ground is a bit rough with hard soil and, thus, a bit resistant to tent pegs. You might have to "pin" your tent down with rocks. Usually, campers must fasten their tents with rocks and stones, found aplenty in Landmannalaugar. There is also a good space for 4x4 campers, who are also required to pay the service fee. Campers and people with tents on top of their car who camp on the other side of the river must also pay the service fee, as FÍ needs to continue to build and improve its service and facilities. Other services in Landmannalaugar The store, Mountain Mall, in Landmannalaugar From late June until the middle of September, a small convenience store in Landmannalaugar offers the basic necessities. It does not mean that you can rely on this store for all your food or need less preparation if you take the Laugavegur hiking trail or stay in Landmannalaugar for a few days. It is mainly for emergencies, although the service is increasing year by year. Another service during summer, the Icelandic Rescue Squad, has a permanent presence in Landmannalaugar to increase security in the area and help visitors and hikers with problems and accidents. The geothermal pool in Landmannalaugar The natural geothermal pool in Landmannalaugar Taking a dip in the geothermal pool in Landmannalaugar has been extremely popular among tourists and Icelanders for decades. The warm-water pool is only a few steps from the service center at the edge of the lava field of Laugahraun. It is a pool fed by the cold and hot streams coming from under the lava that is blending into the stream by the pool. Most visitors put on their swimming suits by the pool. It is part of the freedom in the mountains and the relaxed highland experience. For hikers visiting Landmannalaugar for a day or more and hiking the many short hikes in the area, it is very relaxing to dip into the pool after a walk to the top of the volcano Brennisteinsalda or Mt. Bláhnjúkur. Part of the Fjallabak Nature Reserve Landmannalaugar view from volcano Brennisteinsalda Landmannalaugar is a part of the Fjallabak Nature Reserve, encompassing approximately fifty thousand hectares in the southern region of the Icelandic Highland. Established in the late 1980s, the reserve aims to protect the delicate ecosystem of the Highland. The Highland Road Fjallabak Nyrðri traverses much of the Fjallabak Nature Reserve and is among the most accessible roads in the Highland for travel in Iceland. However, it is recommended to use a larger 4x4 vehicle, such as a Toyota Land Cruiser, Land Rover Defender, or Jeep Wrangler. It is crucial to highlight that the Icelandic Highland is a highly sensitive area, and driving outside marked roads is strictly prohibited. In Iceland, there are no off-roads, only F roads. Finding your way and how to drive to Landmannalaugar In Landmannalaugar and in the highland in Iceland a good 4X4 is prefered There are two main entrances to Landmannalaugar from the west. When you drive from Reykjavík, you find your way to Dómadalsleið Nr. F225, often referred to as Landmannaleið, or Nyrðri Fjallabak Mountain Road Nr. F208. Usually, Nyrðri Fjallabak opens sooner than Landmannaleið in early summer. We recommended that you rent a good 4x4 vehicle if you intend to drive on a mountain road in Iceland marked as an F road on maps. Accordingly, from Reykjavík, you start from the Ring Road Nr. 1 and drive eastward. Once you pass the bridge on the river Þjórsá, you look out for the road Landvegur Nr. 26. You need to drive approximately 50 km north on Road Nr. 26. By the mountain Búrfell, you take a right turn on Dómadalsleið Mountain Road Nr. F225. If the road is closed, you continue for approximately 25 km on Road Nr. 26 until you come to Mountain Road Nr. F208, the Nyrðri Fjallabak mountain road. Both Landmannaleið and Nyrðri Fjallabak lead to Landmannalaugar. Both roads can be a bit difficult, and we can only emphasize renting a 4x4 vehicle. Both roads usually open in early July; sometimes, F208 opens around the middle of June. Both roads close around the middle of September, and both require that you cross rivers. If you're planning to tour Iceland in a rental car, make sure to read this article about the type of car that would be best for your trip. Location of Landmannalaugar on the map of Iceland

Snorri Sturluson, author statue at Reykholt Get ready to dive into the fascinating world of Reykholt, a farm and hamlet in Iceland's western region, bursting with historical and cultural significance! In medieval times, this spot was the epicenter of power, culture, and intense power struggles among chieftains who weren't afraid to engage in fierce and deadly battles. At the heart of these thrilling events was the legendary Snorri Sturluson, a key figure in power, wealth, and leadership. Snorri hailed from the ambitious Sturlungar family, named after his father, Sturla Þórðarson, who resided at the farm Hvammur. Yet, he was also shaped by the Oddaverjar family from southern Iceland, named after their farm Oddi. What a thrilling tapestry of history! Snorri Sturluson The Church at Reykholt Snorri was nothing short of a genius, and he received the finest education available during his era! The Oddaverjar, descendants of the wise Sæmundur, hailed from Oddi, one of Iceland's most renowned learning centers when Snorri was growing up. As a poet, writer, scholar, historian, chieftain, and a man with immense political ambitions and influence, Snorri became one of the most pivotal figures in Icelandic history. He penned two of the most celebrated sagas, Heimskringla and Edda, and is believed to have authored the Saga of Egill Skallagrímsson. Snorri spent decades at Reykholt, where his remarkable journey came to a dramatic end when his former son-in-law, Gissur Þorvaldsson, tragically killed him in 1241. Snorrastofa, a small museum, stands as a vibrant cultural center honoring the life and achievements of this cultural and political titan. It's a fascinating place to visit and worth your time! In recent years, scholars have been amplifying Snorri’s stature in world literature, and the author of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings openly acknowledged his influence on Tolkien. There's also a compelling argument that Snorri inspired many other brilliant minds, authors, and composers in the cultural world. Snorralaug, the old geothermal pool Snorralaug The small geothermal pool at Reykholt, surrounded by flat stones, is one of the oldest geothermal pools in Iceland. So often used by Snorri for bathing and relaxation and so vital to him that he built a tunnel from the pool to his house. Although the pool is still at Reykholt, it is probably different from the one used by Snorri himself and most likely a replica of the original jacuzzi. Remarkably, Icelanders used geothermal pools as far back as the 12th century. Almost every town, village, and farm currently uses a method to heat houses and swimming pools in many municipalities. If you like to try something similar, you should visit the nearby bathing place at Krauma. Ironically a dispute regarding ownership of the farm Deildartunga where Krauma is located, created a sequence of events that ended with Snorri Sturluson being adopted as a foster son of Oddaverjar. The church and the cultural center The West Region in Iceland Map Today Reykholt is a school, a museum, and a cultural center. It is an excellent place to stop and rest and visit the tiny museum. The museum gives you a lot of information about Snorri, medieval times, and the chieftains in Iceland. It is a joy and has a small bookstore for those eager to learn more about Snorri and his great work. The pool is a perfect place for a selfie, and you should take the time to visit the church. Finding your way to Reykholt On the road, nr. 1 in the west region north of the village Borgarnes, you turn to the east on road nr. 50. You continue that road until you reach Krauma and the farm Deildartunga where you also find the boiling water of Deildartunguhver. A short distance from Krauma, you find a junction leading to road nr. 518, the road that takes you to Reykholt. If you're planning to tour Iceland in a rental car, make sure to read this article about the type of car that would be best for your trip. Location of Reykholt on the map of Iceland

The neighborhood by the harbor in Stykkishólmur has many beautiful old houses Stykkishólmur is a town on the north coastline of the Snæfellsnes Peninsula in Western Iceland. Including the town and surrounding rural area, the municipality's population is around 1400 as of January 2022. Many people who visit Iceland and travel around the country may find it surprising that several of its towns and villages have a short history. Although the settlement in Iceland started around 870, most towns and villages began to develop only around the middle of the 19th century and some even at the beginning of the 20th century. The main reasons are the late urbanization and Iceland's continued reliance on agriculture as the main economic base. However, there are exceptions, and one of the more interesting towns with a relatively long history is Stykkishólmur. The town is also s part of the Snæfellsnes Road Trip, which is described in more detail in a separate article. A town with a natural harbor and rich fishing grounds A stroll around the old part of Stykkishólmur town by the pier is a joy We can probably trace the origin of Stykkishólmur to one crucial aspect: a natural harbor. Súgandisey, a small island in front of the town, provides good protection for strong northern winds. This is noticeable even today when you walk around the harbor area and up to the top of the small island. Its iconic lighthouse provides a great view over the town and the Breiðafjörður bay. Because of these excellent conditions, Stykkishólmur became an important trading post early in Iceland's history. Contrary to several other towns and villages around the coast, it was not fishing but trading that played a crucial role in its early history. The area around the coastline in the Breiðafjörður Bay and the various islands had many productive farms that offered commodities of interest to people in England and mainland Europe for several centuries. A history of trading The Norwegian house in Stykkishólmur The first trading post in Stykkishólmur can be traced back to the early 16th century, even before our rulers at the time, Denmark and the Danish king, implemented the notorious Danish–Icelandic Trade Monopoly (1602–1787). From that time, trading has been at the heart of Stykkishólmur's history. The small village was also one of the official trading districts at the time of the monopoly. As a result, for almost two centuries, you had to go to Stykkishólmur if you had anything to trade or were looking for interesting commodities to buy. However, soon after Denmark abolished the monopoly, Ólafur Thorlacius from Bíldudalur, a small village in the West Fjords, purchased the trading operation in Stykkishólmur, which proved to be a prosperous decision for the town. His son, Árni Thorlacius, who took over all his operations in 1827, was an even greater entrepreneur than his father. Árni became active in trading, fishing, fish processing, and farming. In 1828, he built a large house for his home and companies called the Norwegian House. The marvelous house still stands, having been renovated a few years ago, and accommodates the local museum. It is a must-stop when you visit Stykkishólmur to get a peek into life in 19th-century Iceland. The Community The monastery of the Sisters of St. Francis, hospital, and the catholic church in Stykkishólmur Most of the houses and homes in Stykkishólmur today are single-family houses. Although the town has proportionally more old houses than most towns and villages in Iceland, most were built in the sixties and seventies. Many of the older houses are close to the harbor. Most of them have been renovated in recent years and largely contribute to the town's attractiveness. The homes are heated with geothermal heating from a nearby farm owned and operated by Reykjavík Energy, the Reykjavík heating and power plant. With its sustainable energy, the town is thus a part of the green revolution that started in Iceland in the fifties, although the Snæfellsnes Peninsula is in a so-called cold area. This only shows that Icelanders go a long way to find a green and viable solution to their energy needs. Overall, the town is an excellent place to live in, much appreciated by its inhabitants. Stykkishólmur is a great town to visit with good service for people traveling in Iceland Stykkishólmur has a good swimmingpool I always enjoy visiting Stykkishólmur. I have great childhood memories of this beautiful town, having stayed twice at a summer camp with the Sisters of St. Francis. Their progenitors had arrived in Stykkishólmur in 1935 and built a hospital, a preschool, a summer camp for children, and a printer's workshop that they operated for over 80 years. This is one reason you will find a Catholic church in Stykkishólmur, which is located near the former monastery close to the harbor area and now the Fransiscus hotel. Stykkishólmur church The municipality offers services similar to residents in most towns and communities in Iceland. It has preschools, both elementary and middle schools, and a library. The old library is now the Library of Water, set up by the internationally acclaimed visual artist and writer. Roni Horn is a unique and exciting museum you should not miss. There is also a music school and sports clubs for the younger generation. The high school in the nearby village of Grundarfjörður serves the town. Stykkishólmur also has an excellent sports center, a soccer field, and an outdoor swimming pool close to the camping ground. You will also find a variety of accommodations in Stykkishólmur. The harbor still has a central role in the town, and there, you can hop on the ferry to Flatey Island and take tours of the magnificent Breiðafjörður Bay and its many beautiful islands. In addition to service and tourism, the Stykkishólmur economy relies on the ocean. It has a thriving shellfish processing plant but has never developed major fish and fishing operations similar to the other towns and villages on the north side of the Snæfellsnes Peninsula. Great places to accommodate and stay at in Stykkishólmur Fosshotel Stykkishólmur A modern hotel located in the picturesque fishing village, offering comfortable rooms, a restaurant specializing in local seafood, a bar, and meeting facilities. It's an ideal base for exploring the Snæfellsnes peninsula with amenities like free WiFi and parking. Hótel Egilsen Set in a charming old red house by the harbor, Hótel Egilsen offers cozy rooms with a blend of modern design and traditional Icelandic touches. Guests can enjoy a comfortable lounge with a library, a bar, and complimentary WiFi. Some rooms offer views of the harbor or old town. Hótel Fransiskus Stykkishólmi This hotel provides beautifully designed rooms with a cozy atmosphere, located centrally in Stykkishólmur. It offers a complimentary buffet breakfast, free WiFi, and free self-parking, along with a bar/lounge and concierge services. Akkeri Guesthouse A comfortable guesthouse featuring rooms with private bathrooms, flat-screen TVs, and free WiFi. Some rooms also include a terrace or balcony. Akkeri Guesthouse provides free private parking and a garden area for guests to relax. Sjávarborg A guesthouse and cafe situated next to Stykkishólmur's beautiful harbor. Sjávarborg offers a variety of rooms (twin, double, single, and family), a guest kitchen for self-catering, a bar, and internet access, making it a convenient choice for travelers. Hótel Karólína A boutique hotel located in the old town, offering comfortable double rooms, some recently renovated, with private bathrooms and amenities from Sóley Organics. Guests have access to a common living area with complimentary coffee and tea, and enjoy free WiFi and parking. Location of Stykkishólmur on the map of Iceland

Djúpavatn lake at Reykjanes Peninsula The Reykjanes Peninsula, home to Djúpavatn, is a land forged by fire and ice, a living testament to Iceland's dynamic geological processes. Understanding the forces that shaped this region deepens the appreciation for sites like Djúpavatn, transforming a beautiful landscape into an awe-inspiring natural laboratory. Reykjanes Peninsula at the map of Iceland The Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Earth's Restless Divide The Reykjanes Peninsula is not just any volcanic area; it's where the Mid-Atlantic Ridge emerges from the ocean. This colossal underwater mountain range marks the divergent plate boundary between the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates. These two massive plates are slowly but continuously pulling apart, at a rate of approximately 2 cm per year. This constant rifting is the fundamental geological engine driving the volcanism and geothermal activity seen across Iceland, and particularly intensely on Reykjanes. Volcanic Systems and Fissure Swarms The Reykjanes Peninsula is characterized by several volcanic systems arranged in an en echelon (offset, parallel) pattern, trending generally northeast-southwest. Each system consists of a central volcano (though not always prominent on the surface) and an associated fissure swarm. These fissure swarms are zones of weakness where magma can intrude into the crust, leading to eruptions that often form long rows of craters and lava fields rather than single, conical volcanoes. Djúpavatn, like many lakes on the peninsula, is a crater lake. It formed within a caldera or explosion crater created by a past volcanic eruption. When magma interacts with groundwater or ice, it can lead to highly explosive eruptions that excavate large depressions, which then fill with water. The "deep" aspect of Djúpavatn likely refers to the depth of this volcanic depression. Djúpavatn is a great place for Aurora Borealis during early autum in September and October Hyaloclastite Ridges: Evidence of Subglacial Volcanism A significant portion of the landscape around Djúpavatn and across the Reykjanes Peninsula is dominated by hyaloclastite ridges. These distinctive, often elongated mountains are formed during subglacial eruptions, where magma erupts beneath a glacier or ice sheet. The rapid chilling of lava by ice and meltwater creates fragmented, glassy volcanic rock called hyaloclastite. As the ice retreated at the end of the last Ice Age (around 15,000 to 12,000 years ago), these subglacially formed ridges were exposed, standing proud above the younger lava fields. Djúpavatn is located within or adjacent to these ancient hyaloclastite formations, such as the Vesturháls and Sveifluháls ridges. Lava Fields: The Recent History of Fire While the hyaloclastite ridges speak of ancient ice-age eruptions, much of the Reykjanes Peninsula is covered by younger Holocene lava fields, erupted after the last glacial period. These basaltic lavas, primarily pahoehoe (smooth, ropy) and a'a (rough, jagged) flows, form vast, often stark landscapes that are still relatively barren or covered by delicate mosses. These are the lava fields you drive across and hike through on your way to Djúpavatn, showcasing the most recent chapters of the peninsula's volcanic story, including the major "Reykjanes Fires" episodes that occurred between the 10th and 13th centuries, and more recently, the Fagradalsfjall eruptions that began in 2021. Geothermal Activity: Heat from Below The high concentration of volcanic activity and the spreading plate boundary contribute to significant geothermal activity on Reykjanes. While Djúpavatn itself is a serene lake, the surrounding area, including places like Krýsuvík and Svartsengi (home of the Blue Lagoon), is riddled with hot springs, bubbling mud pools, and steam vents. This is where magma chambers at depth heat groundwater, creating these fascinating geothermal fields that are a major draw for visitors. Djúpavatn lake and lava formation Djúpavatn's Geological Significance Djúpavatn's existence is a direct consequence of these powerful geological forces. It represents: Crater Formation: A visual example of how explosive volcanic eruptions can shape the landscape. Groundwater Interaction: The filling of the crater with groundwater, reflecting the peninsula's hydrology. Ancient vs. Recent Volcanism: Its setting amidst both older hyaloclastite ridges and younger lava flows provides a cross-section of Reykjanes' geological history. When you stand by Djúpavatn, you're not just looking at a beautiful lake; you're observing a landscape in continuous formation, shaped by the relentless dance of tectonic plates and the fiery breath of the Earth's interior. It's a truly humbling and fascinating geological experience. What to know before renting a car in Iceland. How to drive from Reykjavík city to Djúpavatn lake From Reykjavík, head south on Route 41 (Reykjanesbraut) for about 15-20 minutes, then turn left onto the scenic Route 42 (Krýsuvíkurvegur), driving past the dramatic lava fields and Lake Kleifarvatn. A few kilometers before the Krýsuvík geothermal area, turn right onto Road 421 (Vigdísarvallavegur), a gravel road that leads directly to Djúpavatn; note that this final stretch requires a 4x4 or 4WD vehicle and is not suitable for regular cars. Location of Djúpavatn lake on the Map of Iceland

The old lighthouse at Kálfshamarsvík cove The basalt columns Kálfshamarsvík is a picturesque cove located along the northwest shore of the Skagi Peninsula in Iceland, positioned between the Skagafjörður fjord and the expansive Húnaflói bay. The primary attraction of Kálfshamarsvík Cove is the remarkable formation of basalt columns that can be found along the shoreline, as well as in the surrounding area. A notable feature of these basalt columns is the variation in the orientation of the horizontal layers—some are bent, while others are straight. Additionally, the cove is characterized by a diverse range of convex pebble rocks of varying sizes. What to know before renting a car in Iceland. The lighthouse and surrounding area To fully appreciate the geological variety along this exceptional shoreline, one must traverse the region and explore the small cliffs that are adjacent to the lighthouse. Due to its lesser-known status, the area is relatively uncrowded, allowing visitors to walk on the grass across a limited number of pathways. The larger cove itself presents a striking vista, where the ocean interacts dynamically with the uniquely shaped rocks and small cliffs, particularly during the summer months when it is abundant with avian life. Map of North West Region in Iceland The Cove and photography Kálfshamarsvík bay on your left when you drive to the parking lot The Kálfshamarsvík Cove is especially appealing to photographers due to its variety of vantage points that offer captivating views, interesting foregrounds, and stunning backdrops. When taking photos, remember that factors like high and low tides, as well as the time of day, can significantly affect your shots, much like in many coastal locations throughout Iceland. In the morning, the sun shines on the cliffs from the ocean side, illuminating them throughout the afternoon and into the bright summer evenings. The other basalt column small cliff at Kálfshamarsvík As you drive the final stretch to the parking lot and lighthouse, be sure to take note of the intriguing shoreline to your left. Here, you'll find impressive vertical basalt columns rising above the curved rocks. While walking along the beach can be a bit challenging, consider bringing a drone for some unique aerial perspectives. Kálfshamarsvík could have developed into a village Beautiful basalt column formation at Kálfshamarsvík Numerous towns and villages in Iceland exhibit comparable locational characteristics, predominantly due to their proximity to abundant fishing grounds and suitable landing sites for small vessels. This proximity was particularly significant prior to the introduction of motorboats, as many individuals from economically disadvantaged backgrounds sought new employment opportunities in the fishing industry. This transition enabled them to depart from traditional domestic service roles within agricultural settings. Learn about the discovery of Stuðlagil Canyon. The beautiful basalt column cliffs were once a small hamlet Kálfshamarsvík developed as a modest fishing station and a small hamlet, akin to the charming Dritvík located on the Snæfellsnes Peninsula. This development took place during the late 19th century and persisted until the onset of the Great Depression, which subsequently led to a decline in market conditions during the mid-20th century. The context of Kálfshamarsvík is indicative of a broader trend observed in various Icelandic towns and villages, where potential growth might have facilitated the establishment of a more prominent community. Presently, Kálfshamarsvík retains remnants of structures and artifacts from that historical period, which serve as tangible reminders of its historical significance. Easy access but a long drive to Kálfshamarsvík The cove at Kálfshamarsvík Kálfshamarsvík is easily accessible from Northern Iceland's Ring Road or the North Region of Iceland. It is on my list of the ten most interesting basalt column places in Iceland. From that road, you take a turn north on Road 74, and the drive is approximately 36 kilometres. So, if you are a great fan of basalt columns, the 72-kilometer journey to Kálfshamarsvík and back is well worth it. Kálfshamarsvík basalt columns and pebble beach If you're planning to tour Iceland in a  rental car , make sure to  read this article  about the type of car that would be best for your trip. Location of Kálfshamarsvík cove on the map of Iceland Ring Road Drive in Iceland

Admission to Hveradalir is free Visitors to Hveradalir are not required to make any payment for entry. Despite the limited capacity of the parking area, it generally accommodates the number of visitors adequately without reaching full capacity. Regrettably, restroom and sanitary facilities are not provided at this natural attraction. Hveradalir in Kerlingafjöll mountains in the Highland in Iceland Hveradalir (the valley of hot springs), in the middle of the Icelandic Highland , is one of Iceland's most extensive and fascinating areas. It is defined as a high-temperature geothermal area (Háhitasvæði), with temperatures 1000 meters below the ground reaching 200 degrees Celsius. The site is quite exciting from a geological perspective and offers unique vistas for both micro and macro photography. Get ready to be amazed! Here, delicate flowers and vibrant vegetation nestle beneath the colorful hot springs, surrounded by swirling sulfur emissions from the vents. This breathtaking landscape is a tapestry of stunning small valleys, dramatic ravines, flowing creeks, majestic glaciers, and bubbling mud pots. The hot springs unleash powerful steam, whistling with incredible intensity. It's a place where you can lose track of time, capturing endless photographs and soaking in the unparalleled beauty and endless possibilities of the views. Truly, it's a paradise for nature enthusiasts and landscape photographers alike! Map og Highlandi in Iceland You must plan your visit to Hveradalir well: Hveradalir in the Icelandic Highland Hveradalir is part of the mountain ridge Kerlingarfjöll . The valley has an altitude of around 1000 meters, where spring arrives late and autumn arrives early. So, the prime time for visiting Hveradalir is between early July and the beginning of September. However, if you are an avid and passionate photographer and have seen spectacular photos from Hveradalir valley, the suitable timeframe for you would be from the last week of July to August. It is the time when the mountains display their beautiful colors, snow from last winter has melted, and a new blanket of snow has not yet arrived. Thus, in all fairness, and given the efforts and time it takes to visit Hveradalir, the time window to experience the full beauty of this place is only about six weeks. How to reach Hveradalir: Hveradalir is a feast for photograpers The valley and the intriguing surrounding area are key attractions along the highland route Kjölur, also known as Road Nr. 35 or Kjalvegur. It is a must-visit destination for anyone traveling in the Highland during a tour of Iceland. There is an excellent campsite at Ásgarður in Kerlingarfjöll, located approximately 10 kilometers from the Kjölur road on F347. As with many locations in the Highland, the weather here is unpredictable and quite cold, so it is essential to wear warm clothing and bring a warm layer for sleeping. At Ásgarður, you will also find a quality hotel and a great restaurant. From Ásgarður, it is ideal to hike the five kilometers to the Hveradalir geothermal area. The hiking trail is well-marked and easy to navigate. Alternatively, you can drive to a parking area near the geothermal site. Although the roads to the service center at Ásgarður and the hotel in Kerlingarfjöll open in June, the dirt road to Hveradalir is frequently closed until late July. In such conditions, you must hike a few additional kilometers from where the dirt road ends, marked by a snowflake, and a reliable 4X4 vehicle is essential. Warm streams in Hveradalir valley Hveradalir is a meticulously maintained area that offers visitors a remarkable experience, featuring well-marked trails that guide adventurers through its breathtaking landscapes. The pathways are equipped with neatly constructed steps that lead to all the prominent hot springs and awe-inspiring viewpoints, ensuring that both casual walkers and avid hikers can navigate the terrain with ease and safety. The attention to detail in the upkeep of these trails reflects a commitment to preserving the natural beauty of the region while providing accessibility to its many wonders. What to know before renting a car in Iceland. Hveradalir colorful landscapes As you journey through Hveradalir, you will be captivated by the stunning variety of colors and landscapes that unfold before your eyes. The vibrant hues of the geothermal features contrast beautifully with the lush greens of the surrounding flora and the stark whites of the snow-capped peaks. This rich tapestry of colors creates a visual feast, making every turn along the trail an opportunity for breathtaking photographs and unforgettable memories. Hveradalir other worldly atmosphere Upon your arrival at the site, you will undoubtedly feel as though you are stepping into another world, one that is both surreal and enchanting. The colorful, smoking, and boiling springs emit a mystical steam that dances in the air, creating an atmosphere that feels otherworldly. The rhythmic sounds of bubbling water and the gentle hiss of steam add to the sensory experience, immersing you deeper into this geothermal paradise. Ring Road Drive in Iceland The stunning surroundings at Hveravellir In addition to the hot springs, which bubble and steam with vibrant energy, the pristine valleys, often blanketed in a thick layer of snow from the nearby glaciers, provide a striking contrast to the geothermal activity that characterizes this remarkable region. These serene landscapes, with their expansive views and untouched beauty, evoke a profound sense of tranquility and awe, inviting visitors to pause, breathe deeply, and reflect on the natural splendor that surrounds them. The Dynamic Beauty of Glacial Valleys: A Tapestry of Earth's History The valleys, carved over millennia by the relentless movement of glaciers, reveal a tapestry of geological history that is both captivating and educational. As one gazes upon the snow-draped hills and the icy remnants of ancient glaciers, it becomes apparent how the forces of nature have shaped this environment, creating a dynamic interplay between warmth and cold. The juxtaposition of the steaming hot springs, with their vibrant mineral-laden waters, against the stark white of the snow creates a visual feast for the eyes, showcasing the beauty of contrasting elements. Thriving Ecosystems in Geothermal and Glacial Environments This distinctive environment nurtures a vibrant and diverse ecosystem, thriving on the fragile balance between geothermal features and cold, glacial valleys. The hot springs' warm waters sustain various life forms specially adapted to these conditions, including unique microorganisms and resilient plants that thrive in the mineral-rich surroundings. In contrast, the cold valleys provide habitats for a different range of wildlife, from hardy alpine plants to mammals adapted to the harsh winters. Dynamic Interplay of Geothermal and Glacial Forces in a Unique Ecosystem The fascinating interactions between these two environments not only highlight the complexity of the region's ecology but also showcase the diverse geological processes at work. The heat from the Earth's interior, which fuels the hot springs, contrasts sharply with the cold glacial meltwaters that feed into the valleys, creating a microcosm of life that is both beautiful and scientifically significant. Exploring the Serene Beauty and Geothermal Wonders of Nature's Artistry Travelers to this remarkable area frequently find themselves captivated by the tranquility that fills the atmosphere, prompting moments of introspection and a bond with nature. Every visit can provide a fresh viewpoint on the complex interplay between geothermal phenomena and glacial terrains, highlighting the mighty forces that mold our world. As one strolls through these stunning valleys, the experience transforms into not just a visual adventure but a deep dive into the artistry and strength of nature. Overall, Hveradalir is not just a destination; it is an experience that engages all the senses and offers a profound connection to nature. Whether you are drawn to the vibrant hot springs, the stunning vistas, or the peaceful valleys, this area promises an unforgettable adventure that will leave a lasting impression. Location of Hveradalir on the map of Iceland

Hrafntinnusker hut Hrafntinnusker is a mountain in the Icelandic Highland, eleven kilometers and a few hours hike from Landmannalaugar. Hrafntinnusker is also a part of the famous Laugavegur hiking trail, and the hut in Hrafntinnusker is the first stop for most hikers. It has one of the most extraordinary campsites in Iceland, to say the least. The small mountain is a volcano that most geologists assume will not erupt anytime soon, and it takes its name from the black glass rock, obsidian, formed when a highly acidic magma cools extremely fast in an eruption. Obsidian is a fascinating geological phenomenon, and such rocks are scattered around the whole area. Although Hrafntinnusker is a mountain, the second half of its name means skerry, somewhat in accordance with naming traditions in the eastern parts of the lowland around Syðri Fjallabak, in Skaftafell, where distinctions between mountain and skerry are not always clear. As you can imagine, the Icelandic language has many terms for mountains, and it is often unclear why similar mountains are named hills, skerries, or mountains. An exotic place with many unusual elements Rhyolite mountains in Torfajökull caldera west of Hrafntinnusker Hrafntinnusker is a distinctive location, even within the varied landscape of the Torfajökull caldera in Iceland. This mountain is characterized by a small, rapidly diminishing glacier at its summit. The environment is harsh, rocky, and notably isolated. To the west of the mountain lies a relatively large active geothermal area. Much of this geothermal activity occurs beneath the ice, where the ground continuously emits hot steam that melts the ice from below, forming ice caves. While these ice caves are intriguing, they pose significant dangers, as the stability of the cave ceilings is unpredictable, and collapses can be fatal. Consequently, it is advised that individuals refrain from entering the caves. Hrafntinnusker is frequently regarded as the most remote area of Iceland due to the high altitude of the hut and campsite. For those hiking the Laugavegur trail, stopping at Hrafntinnusker is advisable, as there are two to three particularly interesting short hikes in the vicinity of the hut. Access is only available for hikers and well equipped 4X4 vehicles Camping site at Hrafntinnusker There are basically two ways to visit Hrafntinnusker. One is the hiking trail from Landmannalaugar, where you visit the east side of the mountain, and the other is the 4X4 trail, where you visit the west side and the sizeable geothermal area. Although a fascinating place, not many visitors get an opportunity to come here. Most of the people hiking the Landmannalaugar hiking trail only see the east side and might stay overnight in the hut, missing the west side. The west side is fascinating and requires a well-equipped 4X4 vehicle as the road is tough with many rivers to cross and basically only for local guides and drivers. If you're planning to tour Iceland in a rental car, make sure to read this article about the type of car that would be best for your trip. Location of Hrafntinnusker on the map of Iceland

The hike to the top of Brennisteinsalda volcano is a highly revarding Landmannalaugar in the Highland of Iceland is a great place to visit for many reasons. One major reason is the fact that there are many exciting hiking trails that are easily accessible to most people. Located in a spectacular landscape, the hiking trails offer some of the most amazing views you will ever see. The most popular hiking trails are: Laugahraun Brennisteinsalda Bláhnúkur Suðurnámur The path from the service center across the lava field is accessible to everyone For one-day visitors, the most popular hiking trails in Landmannalaugar are the Laugahringur trail, the Brennisteinsalda volcano, the Bláhnúkur mountain, and the Suðurnámur mountain ridge. Of course, there are other hiking trails, but many of them are more difficult and longer. They require more time for preparation and better gear. And then there is also the longest one the Laugavegur hiking trail that goes to Þórsmörk: 54 kilometers, 33 miles, long and takes about three to four days. One of the best ways for you to visit Landmannalaugar and experience its glory is to take the Hit Iceland spectacular tour with a personal guide. The service center and parking lot in Landmannalaugar with Mt. Bláhnjúkur in the background Laugahringur circle hiking trail Laugahringur (Geothermal Pool Circle) is the most accessible and popular hiking trail in Landmannalaugar. It is a “circle” through and around the Laugahraun lava field. In 1477, an eruption from the slopes of the Brennisteinsalda volcano gave birth to this small lava field. Although small, it is one of the most interesting lava fields you can find in Iceland. The regular basalt lava is blended with numerous shining black obsidian rocks—a combination exclusive to only a handful of other fields in the area. Laugahringur circles around the lavafield, here you see the east side of the lava The hike starts at the FÍ (Ferðafélag Íslands) service center. To start the hike, you go straight through the lava field to the west side of the service center, and it begins on an excellent hiking path. After crossing the lava field, a breathtaking view of the magnificent Vondugil (Bad Ravines) valley open before you. The mountains surrounding the valley are colorful, and the view is stunning and definitely something for the camera. There are three observing panels on the path while you are walking across the lava, and all are worth stopping as the view from each is spectacular. For those who are not interested in hiking, this is an excellent point to turn around and return. For the rest, you continue at the west edge of the lava field towards Brennisteinsalda, the volcano. The impressive steam at the sulfur pot Here the path becomes a bit steep lined with small rocky lava steps all the way up to a small cluster of colorful small sulfur rocks and hot steam. Sometimes the area around this sulfur pot is sometimes with haze. This place, therefore, has a strong sulfur smell. At this point, you turn and walk east through the lava field again. This part of the lava and the path is a bit rockier and more difficult to walk all the way to the Grænagil ravine, but it is shorter than the path through the lava from the service center. Once you finish the rocky lava path you enter the stunning ravine with a colorful riverbed. From the Ravine you will finish the walk to the service center. The hike is approximately five kilometers and relatively easy. Everybody who can walk five kilometers can easily finish this hike. Because the path is sometimes a bit rough, especially the second part through the lava, we recommend good pair of hiking shoes and stay on the marked trail. The path across the south part of the Laugahringur lava is a bit rocky For families camping in Iceland with children, this is an excellent hiking trail especially for the children as the lava, geothermal steam, strong sulfur smell, and the colorful mountains are all healthy ingredients for the imagination. If you take the Hit Iceland private Landmannalaugar tour the guide will accompany you on this hiking trail. Brennisteinsalda volcano Hiking up to the top of Brennisteinsalda is one of the most interesting things you can do in Iceland. Most people who have made the hike to the top claim that it is the best part of their visit. Brennisteinsalda (Sulfur hill) is a small mountain/volcano, approximately 850 meters high. On most days, standing at its top gives you a great view of Landmannalaugar and its surroundings, and even a good look at the Icelandic Highland. From the service center, since you are already at 550 meters, the elevation is only about 300 meters. The first half of the hike is the same as that of Laugahringur, but instead of turning left or east by the sulfur rocks, you continue upwards. The path through the lava steps is a bit steep and rocky, but it grows relatively easy once you are on the yellow/orange gravel path near the top. Taking this hike in addition to Laugahringur only enhances the enjoyment of your Landmannalaugar experience—when you turn to the view south towards Hrafntinnusker, the mountains are exceptionally colorful. There are many places to stop by to admire the landscape on the way up. The hike from the service center to the top of Brennisteinsalda is approximately five and a half kilometers. So, you should prepare yourself to walk eleven kilometers. This will take about two and a half to three and a half hours. For this hike, it is always better to have hiking shoes since the path is both slightly rough and slippery. Most hiking shoes, compared to sneakers or ordinary shoes, have a better grip as the sole is designed for rougher terrain. As mentioned above, the Landmannalaugar lava field came from Brennisteinsalda in 1477. It is a very unusual lava field as the crater is barely visible. The magma originated partly from the Bárðabunga fissure and a volcanic system hundreds of kilometers to the northeast, and partly from the massive volcanic surroundings at the Torfajökull glacier volcanic system. This is the reason why this lava field is so much different than the rest of the landforms in Landmannalaugar. It is an illegitimate child of another volcanic system. On the other hand, the mountain itself formed thousands of years ago like many other rhyolite mountains nearby. Bláhnúkur mountain On the top of Mt. Brennisteinsalda with Mt. Bláhnúkur in the background. Mt. Bláhnúkur mountain (Blue Peak Mountain) is probably one of the best-known mountains and iconic landscapes in the Landmannalaugar area. As you drive the last part of the road to Landmannalaugar and cross the river, it forms the background of your arrival and offers a magical atmosphere. This is the most challenging of the four hiking trails—it is the steepest and the most difficult, but it is also the most rewarding one. Look in any direction on the top it will give you the best views. It is also the second-highest mountain in the area. Starting the ascent up to Mt. Bláhnúkur The elevation from the service center is about 320 meters. Your first hike is up to the lower peak and up a mountain shoulder to the higher one. In addition to being steep, the path, as it is narrow and the slopes on both sides are steep, could be intimidating for those with a fear of heights. When you are on top of Mt. Bláhnúkur, you will have a great view of the Icelandic Highland. You might even see, as some have claimed, more than eight glaciers and icecaps. It is a place to pause and enjoy the view. Once you have spent enough time on the top, you can walk the same path back. Or, if you are still in the mood for more challenges, you can take the path that goes down to Grænagil and takes you back to the service center at Landmannalaugar, merging with the path Laugahringur. Suðurnámur mountain ridge and Vondugil Hiking on top of Suðurnámur in Landmannalaugar Out of the four trails that I recommend here, this one is the longest and probably the most rewarding. It takes about four to five hours, starting at the sign located on the road just before the river you need to cross for arriving at Landmannalaugar. The first part is a bit steep, but with every step, the breathtaking landscape reveals itself before your eyes. This is the best place to view the Landmannalaugar area in all its glory as you are viewing it from the north to the south. From the edge of the Torfajökull caldera. When on top, it is a long and easy walk on a mountain ridge with an ever-changing view in all directions. Here you have many opportunities to take a lot of photos. To your south, you will have an excellent view of the Torfajökull volcanic system that feeds the colorful lava and formed the orange, blue, and yellow mountains. You will also witness the northeast of the landscape and the landform poetry of the vast and dangerous Bárðarbunga volcanic system, the “father” of the Laugahraun lava field. Finding a path across a stream in Landmannalaugar From the mountain ridge, you descend a slope down to the Vondugil valley. You will walk through some beautiful and colorful landforms. Once you are in the valley, you need to pass a wet valley and cross small streams. For crossing the stream, you need to find the best way to wade or find proper steppingstones. And finally, you will join the track over the Laugahraun back to the service center. Again, coming back to the Laugahringur trail. Dipping into the geothermal pool at the end of the hike All or any of those four tracks, Laughringur, Brennisteinsalda, Bláhnúkur, and Suðurnámur, are wonderful and interesting hikes that will make your visit to Landmannalaugar more enjoyable. If you are interested to have a guide with you from Reykjavík, check out our Hit Iceland Landmannalaugar private tour. Landmannalaugar and hiking the short trails is a great place to take kids camping. Location of Landmannalaugar on the map of Iceland

Admission to Dritvík cove is free Visitors to Dritvík Cove can enter without any admission fee. Although the parking area has limited capacity, it typically manages to accommodate visitors without filling up completely. Unfortunately, there are no restrooms or sanitary facilities available at this natural attraction. Dritvík cove is a great place for photography If you need drama while traveling in Iceland, Dritvík on the Snæfellsnes Peninsula is the place to go. A place with beautiful landscapes and rich history. Today it isn't easy to imagine that Dritvík was one of the largest fishing stations in Iceland for centuries, with up to 60 fishing boats, dozens of huts, and full of life. From the middle of the 16th century, up to 400 inhabitants lived here during the fishing season, which continued until the early 20th century. At that time, Iceland was more or less an agricultural society with few hamlets or villages. So, from the middle of February until late May, Dritvík was a particularly active place. Like many places that developed some community by the shore at that time, there were two reasons: rich fishing grounds and good landing places for small boats. But this is a mind-boggling notion because access to this dramatic cove is by no means obvious or straightforward. Especially as this part of Iceland was relatively isolated at this time. A map of West Region in Iceland Dirtvík is mentioned in the saga, Bárðarsaga Snæfellsás A rescue hut is the only building standing amongst ruins from times of prosperity The rich history of Dritvík is deeply intertwined with the story of its first settler, Bárður Snæfellsás, a half-man, half-troll. As you stroll along the beach, you can’t help but be captivated by the stunning rock formations and the charming pebble stones that grace the shore. Notable among them are Bárðarskip, or Bárður's Vessel, and Tröllakirkja, known as The Troll's Church. These names carry the weight of history, as they commemorate the saga of how Bárður arrived from Norway over twelve hundred years ago. Upon his arrival, he and his loved ones sought comfort in the traditions of their ancestors, worshipping pagan gods in a cave still present at Tröllkirkja. However, their early days were marred by a tragic ordeal that struck the family hard, a heart-wrenching chapter tied to a nearby place called Rayðfeldsgjá. Many believe that this pain led Bárður to seek refuge in a cave within the Snæfellsjökull glacier, where he is often seen as a guardian spirit watching over the farms and villages in the area. Today, you can still pay your respects by visiting his life-sized statue in the nearby village of Arnarstapi, a testament to the enduring legacy of this remarkable figure and his connection to the land. Today Dritvík is an exciting place to visit The rock Tröllkirkja Dritvík, with its striking black beach, also carries the weight of its history. A humble rescue hut stands amidst the ruins, a poignant reminder of a time when life there was vibrant and full of promise. For centuries, this spot offered a reprieve from the monotonous and often bleak existence of farm life. It was a place where people could connect and find joy, engaging in the camaraderie and excitement of working together by the ocean. In today’s world, dominated by social media and constant connectivity, it’s hard to fathom how exhilarating young men and women once found the simple pleasures of singing rhymes and lifting stones at nearby Djúpalónssandur. Their experiences remind us of the richness of human connection and the charm of a life lived in harmony with nature. Access to Dritvík Cove Ruins from times of more activity at Dritvík cove To reach Dritvík, drive along Útnesvegur road on the Snæfellsnes Peninsula (Route 574). When you arrive at the intersection with Dritvíkkurvegur road (Route 572), turn south. There is a parking lot at Djúpalónssandur. Approximately one kilometer west of Djúpalónssandur, you will find a path that leads you over rugged lava to Dritvík. The walk along the shore is spectacular, featuring many interesting lava formations. Once you arrive, you'll likely enjoy exploring the area and taking advantage of numerous photo and selfie opportunities. Location of Dritvík cove on the map of Iceland

The second day of the eruption at Geldingadalir valley in Mt. Fagradalsfjall The period from the initial indication that an eruption was likely at Mt. Fagradalsfjall Reykjanes Peninsula up to the time the magma broke through to the surface, tells a fascinating story about volcanic eruptions in Iceland—how a possible eruption is spotted and how the information is communicated to the public. One can also find out how an eruption typically begins in this small volcanic island and observe the deep fascination Icelanders have for eruptions like this one in Geldingadalir. The long period of earthquakes Icelanders flocked in thousands in the first days to see the new crater When increased seismic activity began north of the town of Grindavík at the beginning of 2020, the immediate and common conclusion was an eruption. This possibility was then repeatedly communicated to geologists, who were well prepared in a country where inhabitants live through 20–25 eruptions in a lifetime, on average. At that time, the scientific community held the unified opinion that the increased activity did not necessarily point to an eruption, at least not in the short run. There were limited signs of magma accumulation in the crust around the center of the earthquakes. Conversely, most scientists also agreed that the situation was unusual and an eruption within a few months, possibly a few years or decades, was not out of the question. Some earth science jargon has been accepted among Icelanders for a long time as regular communication between the public and the scientists where two contradictory options are possible—one being soon, and the other an unclear event in the near or far future. The new crater and the volcanic activity was a spectacular sight without a doubt In the months that followed the seismic activity, the Reykjanes Peninsula— including Grindavík, the geothermal powerplant of Svartsengi, and the Blue Lagoon—was hit by severe seismic activity, repeatedly shaken by stronger-than-usual earthquakes. With more seismographs and increased monitoring, a large part of the Reykjanes Peninsula, particularly the Mt. Fagradalsfjall volcanic system and its neighboring valleys, was monitored more thoroughly by the University of Iceland, The Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO), and various other institutions and companies in the field of geology. For months, everything was unstable and living in the region proved to be stressful for the inhabitants. The big 5.7 earthquake that changed the mood During the eruption, the volcano in Geldingadalir displayed spectacular activity On February 24th, 2021, at 10:06 AM, a big earthquake of magnitude 5.7 hit. It was felt by everyone in the Reykjavik capital area as well the Reykjanes Peninsula. In a country where powerful natural forces are integrated into our way of life, it didn’t take a lot of imagination to understand that this was a game-changer. When an unusually high number of big quakes and thousands of smaller ones ensued in the following days, it was evident that the situation was serious. Kristín Jónsdóttir, a scientist and seismologist at the IMO and the leader of the group delegated to deal with natural disasters, was assigned the responsibility of liaising with the media. Although experienced in communicating information, her role was now much more challenging—she and her colleagues had to analyze the rapidly accumulating scientific data and respond to questions that were difficult or almost impossible to answer. Furthermore, it was unusual to have such activity so close to the Reykjavik capital area. From Jónsdóttir’s initial answers, it was clear that the possibility of eruption was climbing higher on the list of possible outcomes of this enormous increase in seismic activity. The possibility of an eruption was also supported by satellite photos showing magma approaching the surface through the crust in a narrow fissure at the Nátthagi valley, in the eastern part of Mt. Fagradalsfjall. It was evident that the magma was drawing closer to splitting the earth apart, making it possible for a glowing stream to surge up to the surface. The whole nation on alert At one point, many craters had opened, and the new volcano put on an unbelievable show Around noon on March 3rd, a period of continuous quakes began, labeled by geologists as a relentless pulse of earthquakes. It pushed all scientists, the entire natural disaster group, and the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management to one conclusion: An eruption was imminent, possibly mere hours away. The whole nation was put on high alert. It was a very serious event as it was impossible to predict the fissure's size or the nature or force of the lava flow. Overwhelming facts from prior volcanic activity throughout four centuries, at the time of settlement at the Reykjanes Peninsula, new data from monitoring the area, and satellite photos of the area indicated a relatively small eruption and a fissure that would open at Nátthagi valley. As it was impossible to predict the fissure's length, everyone was asked to stay out of the area. The nation held its breath as a truckload of earth scientists expressed opinions on social media and various broadcasting services about a possible eruption, staying true to their scientific jargon. Again, the scientific community was reasonably relaxed, and most of our scientists believed that if an eruption occurred, it would be a small lava flow with a limited amount of ash or tephra; no danger to buildings or infrastructure was indicated. However, nothing happened on that day as the magma, despite continuing upwards, kept its place below the surface. The perfect tourist eruption In the evening of March 3rd and the days that followed, the nationwide alarm appeared to be a false one. However, about two weeks later, on the evening of March 19th, a small eruption quietly began. It was small in every sense of the word, at least in the beginning. The fissure that opened was less than 500 meters long and looked like a shallow scratch on the surface; a much longer fissure of 5 or even up to 25 kilometers is not unusual in Iceland's geological history. The flow of magma was moderate, about 5 m/sec, just like a small river. The valley where it opened, Geldingadalir, was also unusually small compared to most other valleys in Iceland, which provided only a small hill for the fissure to form. The mountains surrounding the eruption were also all small. In a matter of hours, the opening had delivered lava to both sides of the fissure and quickly formed a crater that became the flowing magma's main vent. The crater and the glowing lava river instantly became a stunning sight as the eruption quietly began laying a carpet of lava at the bottom of the small valley. It was a relief for the geologists handling national disasters that their reasons for a full national alarm a few days earlier had materialized. They were able to predict an eruption reasonably accurately. However, instead of a national disaster, mother nature had delivered only a small eruption. Immediately the outbreak was labeled “tourist eruption,” meaning that it would be a great attraction and easy to visit. What kind of eruption was it? Sometimes in the evening or into the night, the experience became surreal as the volcano sprayed glowing lava hundreds of meters into the air It only took a day or two for the main question directed to the earth science community to switch from “will there be an eruption?” to “how long will the eruption last?” One of the leading geologists at the University of Iceland, Professor Magnús Tumi Guðmundsson, flew over the new eruption in a helicopter and confirmed it to be a tiny one, making the statement that it was just a “little punk” (ræfill, in Icelandic). In the days before the event, Kristín Jónsdóttir had often made a statement that the awaited eruption would probably be short and small. True to their jargon, most earth scientists stated that the event was, on the other hand, most likely the beginning of a long eruption period at the Reykjanes Peninsula, an area that had been dormant for more than 800 years but was highly active for centuries before it calmed down. Although most Iceland regions are well documented in the Sagas, the Reykjanes Peninsula is hardly mentioned, most likely because continuing eruptions at the time of settlement around 950 AD made it almost uninhabitable. In the first two to three days of the small eruption, there was an analytical void among earth scientists as most of their answers were based on research gathered before the eruption. Most scientists assumed that the magma was a typical basalt magma of 1000°C that had slowly accumulated for centuries in the crust and was now pushing its way to the surface, very much in accordance with the many lava flows that had occurred around the time of settlement, from the 9th up until the 13th century. Just like many recent Iceland eruptions originating in magma chambers fed by the mantel plumb, the giant fireball was placed below our little island. However, then came a surprising fact from the geophysicists who had spooned the new glowing magma at Geldingadalir into a small container with water for analysis: The chemical composition was extremely interesting and another game-changer in the short life of this fascinating event. This magma resembled lava that had surfaced at Reykjanes Peninsula around the end of the Ice Age, around 10 to 14 thousand years ago. It was probably the beginning of a lava shield, just like its neighbor (hold your breath) Þráinsskjöldur, a vast lava shield that emerged in a long and slow eruption around 13 thousand years ago. It did not resemble the chemical composition of the lava that surfaced around the settlement, and the temperature was much higher, about 1200°C. This meant that the lava came from a deeper source, about 20 kilometers deep—from the mantle. It also meant that the small eruption could last for (and now the geological jargon came in handy) weeks, months, years, decades, or even centuries, as the supply in the mantle was almost infinite compared to most magma chambers within the crust at a depth of 2 to 5 kilometers. Some geophysicists could hardly conceal their excitement as they presented this discovery to the media. It was much appreciated news everywhere in Iceland. We all know how much the Eyjafjallajökull eruption did for the economy, and that was a volcano you couldn’t even visit! A new permanent natural wonder? Early in the eruption, the closeness to the craters and the rivers of glowing lava was surreal Iceland has many fascinating natural wonders and a variety of colorful landforms and places to experience and visit: waterfalls, basalt columns, icebergs, deep and long canyons, basalt column canyons, erupting hot spring, glaciers, lakes, rivers, ice caves, mountains, fjords, black beaches, black deserts, sea stacks, craters, a magical, colorful rhyolite caldera, and, now, possibly an active volcano you can easily visit and photograph. After the scientific discovery of the massive supply of magma, and the fact that the flow was pushed through a long, possibly 20 km long, “pipe” in the crust at a moderate speed of flow compared to many other eruptions, the question of the length of the eruption became more pressing. Obviously, an easily accessible ongoing eruption would most likely draw a lot of tourists to Iceland. An eruption that was only about 40 minutes’ drive from the Reykjavík capital area and the international airport at Keflavik would obviously become a popular destination. Although we have, on average, about 45 eruptions active on our planet every year, few are as accessible as the volcanic activity in Geldingadalir. It is a rare opportunity for anyone who can make a moderate hike of 5 to 6 miles to experience an eruption and see glowing magma emerging from the ground at only a short distance from where they stand. For many, it is the opportunity of a lifetime. For Iceland, an economic factor was thus added to the volcanic and geological factors. Two weeks into the eruption, over 40 thousand had hiked to the new volcano Thousands of people from all over the world visited the volcanic site Icelanders, as a people, have an interesting behavioral pattern when it comes to eruptions that could be labeled “eruption culture”. This is no wonder since eruptions have been a dominating factor from the time of settlement. Undoubtedly, this trend looks a bit peculiar to people in many other countries, especially where any natural disasters are scarce, as natural forces have limited effects on daily life. People in other parts of the world might feel intimidated and scared when they hear about an eruption as close to their home as the eruption is to Reykjavík, the most populated area on the island. However, in a country where an eruption is part of our daily life, so to speak, we feel the urge to visit it. This is, of course, not always the case, as some eruptions throughout the centuries have been extremely powerful and even devastating. Overall, however, Icelanders have a lot of respect and admiration for volcanos rather than fear. One of our most catastrophic volcanos, Hekla, which has been expected to erupt since 2013, is probably loved more than hated. If an eruption is accessible, it becomes an invisible magnet that draws inhabitants toward it, and people flock with their families to the fire like sheep, myself being no exception. This has been the case for decades, although it depends on the nature of the eruption. In the first two weeks of this small eruption, almost 40 thousand people visited the site to view the new crater. Keep in mind that the population in this tiny country is only about 360 thousand. And in times of the COVID-19 pandemic, only a few were people from other countries. The admiration also depends on the nature of the eruption, like this one at Geldingadalir—a simple lava flow with reasonable viscosity and limited amount of ash and tephra—which is our favorite. Sometimes though, we have an eruption where there is only one option: to run away, as the landslide of mud, icebergs, ash, and water flowing from the crater is highly dangerous. This was the case in the glacier/volcano Katla in 1918 or the Skaftáreldar in 1783 that caused extensive difficulties and are defined as major natural disasters. A lot of people who hiked up to Geldingadalir had never seen an eruption before, and without exception, they were amazed by the experience. It is such an unusual and powerful sight. How does an eruption stop? There are many reasons to visit the new lava and experience this latest addition to our planet On the second day of the eruption, most geologists expected the outbreak to fade out in a few days or weeks. At that point, the magma's low flow was thought to come from a magma chamber that would lack the force to continue to push a flow of 5 m/sec through the vent for a long time. A well-known reason why a crater stops delivering is that the lava starts to solidify at the vent and finally closes the crater. If the lava flow drops down to 2 m/sec, the eruption probably stops. In their assessment, geologists referred to other similar eruptions and sizes of lava fields at Reykjanes Peninsula from the time of settlement. Many of those lava fields have been researched quite thoroughly by earth scientists in recent decades. After the analysis of the chemical composition of the magma mentioned above, everything changed. For days, the magma's flow was consistent and supported the assumption that this could be a long eruption based on the deep origin, chemical composition, and temperature. There are, of course, other factors that can stop an eruption, like the composition of gases, seismic activity, the temperature of the magma, etc. Given this discovery of the magma's origin, however, the expectation is high that the eruption is a new natural wonder that can be added to all the others to see, experience, and discover in the years to come. Around April 7th and 9th, both scientists and people visiting Geldingadalir felt that the twin craters' stream was diminishing. Despite the expectation that the flow would be consistent, small changes were noticeable. There was a slight possibility that the eruption would be short-lived, and the craters could close. But then another new sequence of events started, a new game-changer. On April 9th, a new fissure opened north of the main activity in Geldingadalir. In a matter of hours, a new vent opened and formed quite an active crater, delivering a similar magma flow as the original twin craters. Between the two sets of craters, the flow almost doubled, reaching about 9 m/sec. Since then, we have seen a similar course of events where new fissures open up or the magma forces its way through part of the old fissure when active craters fail to deliver the pressure from beneath. On the morning of April 13th, five new craters opened, adding to the flow by up to about 15 m/sec, according to Þorvaldur Þórðarson, Professor of Volcanology. This development has surprised scientists, who are now experiencing the eruption as a live laboratory set up by nature. So, we can expect the eruption to sustain for a long time. The fissure will likely continue to develop and open to the north, stretching to a few kilometers long, in the months to come. Most of the scientific data points to a rather long eruption. However, in accordance with the geological jargon of our highly respected earth scientists, it is also possible that the outbreak will end in a matter of weeks. Reasons why you should visit Iceland and the volcano in Geldingadalir valley When seen from the mountain tops close by, the crater often seemed relatively small during the eruption Currently, the eruption has stopped or at least paused. But, on the other hand, there are reasons to assume that volcanic activity will continue for months or even years. As with nature, volcanic activity is not relying on forces that can be controlled or governed by men; It depends solely on the forces of nature. So, there is no way we can ever predict the development accurately. However, based on our most prominent earth scientists' views and assumptions, there is a good possibility that volcanic activity will continue for a long time at Reyjanes Peninsula. And even though you missed the eruption at Geldingadalir and are interested in seeing the unbelievable sight of new lava just delivered from far below the crust, you should visit and hike the Fagradalsfjall path. If you're planning to tour Iceland in a rental car, make sure to read this article about the type of car that would be best for your trip. Location of Geldingadalir crater on the map of Iceland

Traveling in the Highland in Iceland requires preparation, the right 4X4 car, and carefulness Whether you are an adventurer, a photographer, an environmentalist, or a traveler seeking to experience something new, different, and exciting, a 4X4 trip in the Icelandic highland is a vacation you will not forget. The Highland is a vast area in Iceland, the interior, around 350 meters above sea level. It is a land of hot springs, endless mountains, black sands, recent eruptions, glaciers, rivers, waterfalls, geothermal pools, rhyolite mountains, calderas, and many other natural wonders. It is a wilderness loaded with interesting landscapes, peaceful sanctuaries, and surprising destinations. Why a 4X4 vehicle is required, although not an off-road place Don't tour the Highland in the wrong kind of car! The Icelandic Highland is covered with thick snow most of the year, for nine months. And during those months not accessible. The snow melts in May and June, and as the wet roads and tracks become dry the Highland opens as well as everything that was hidden under the snow. Usually in late June and the beginning of July. Most of the roads are rough gravel roads and dirt roads crisscrossed rivers and creeks. So, it is an area for a 4X4 jeep because of the roads but not the least because of river crossing that can become very dangerous. Anyone entering the Highland in a small car or insufficient vehicle is irresponsible and is putting himself and passengers in great danger. The roads are also often narrow, and it often takes considerable maneuvering to meet a car, something that’s hard if you don't have a 4X4 vehicle. This is because driving outside marked roads or tracks is illegal. Even with two wheels outside the marked road on your right side is not permitted. The Highland in Iceland is not a place for off road adventure but a wonderland for adventures 4X4 driving. The key to an enjoyable trip in the Highland is detailed planning and thorough preparation Visit places few people get to see (Hit Iceland private tour). There are many difficulties that can await a traveler in the Highland in Iceland, and that is one reason you should never travel in one car or one vehicle. In most places, it is a good rule to travel in the company of two or more 4x4 vehicles. When planning you should study the map, the places, and the distance you want to travel. You should intend to stop at the many natural wonders for a while, even for a few hours. And you should remember that during the opening season it is daylight around the clock. If you bring your vehicle, you should prepare to have difficulties at some point. If you rent a car, you should rent a good and strong 4X4 jeep, like Land Cruiser, a Land Rover, or a Jeep Wrangler. You should organize it as an expedition with tents and be prepared to take on some challenges. To drive slowly through the fascinating places in the Highland and take on the wind and rain as well as the incredible calmness of the weather is incomparable to rushing through the Highland on a day trip. By doing it right, the Icelandic way is to get the most out of your stay and it will stay with you all your life. It is a unique experience. It is a serious business to drive in the Highland in Iceland. If it starts to rain, the volume increases in a short period, and a small stream can turn into a life-threatening river for a small car. Most of the roads in the Highland are challenging dirt roads that are harsh and demanding to drive, both for the driver and the car. Often, you need to cross over rivers and creeks that can easily be too deep and complicated for a small car to cross. If it starts to rain, the volume increases in a short period, and a small stream can turn into a river. Many dirt roads are bumpy and require a slow speed, especially if your vehicle is small and low. A drive in the Highland needs a good 4X4 car that can take you safely to your destination. A wrong car in the Highland often costs a huge amount of money if it breaks down, even though you might want to try to fix the damages on the spot. It can also cost major delays in your schedule. Take precautions before you think about hiring a small car to travel the dirt roads in the Highlands of Iceland. I often see excellent preparation and understanding among tourists who bring their 4X4 and travel in the Highland of Iceland. I am confident it is an once-in-a-lifetime tour like this group in Landmannalaugar in 2021. Location of the HIGHLAND is the center of the island